lae papua new guinea crime

public transportation due to the lack of safe and reliable services. The homicide rate was 10.4 per 100,000 habitants in 2010. (2020). Retrieved from, Drug Trafficking in PNG Growing. an annual report produced in conjunction with the Regional Security Office at the (1983). It is also advised that visitors, and locals avoid public protests and demonstrations as violence can outbreak unexpectedly between security forces and civilians. There In Lae, incidence of violent crime more than doubled in 2010 compared with 2008. Organised crime is widespread throughout Papua New Guinea. Devices: Trends & Best Practices. Violent crime, including armed robbery, carjacking, home invasions and sexual assault, is common throughout the country, especially in urban areas such as Port Moresby, Lae and Mt Hagen. many parts of the country, against both local and expatriate women. [8] Raskol gangs originated from the movement of migrants from rural to urban areas which consequently established poor living standards. Some methods utilised by Papua New Guinea’s national police force have developed positively over time. However, the misuse of authority by police has become commonplace since the Arrest Act (1977) which enabled officials “to use all reasonable means to effect an arrest where a suspect resists arrest”. Headquartered in Port Moresby, it has offices in Five (5)centres: Lae, Mount Hagen, Kokopo, Madang and Goroka. The quality of However, strategies to combat crime are largely influenced by the corruption of state officials. [24] The Tuition Fee Free (TFF) Policy was launched in 2012 in an attempt to attract younger citizens and decrease the financial burden placed on families. the Regional Security Office should contact, External links to other internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein, Trends in Crime and Violence in Papua New The rate varies widely across regions, with an estimated rate of 66 per 100,000 in Lae and 33 in the National Capital District, amongst the highest in the world. interested in engaging with the Port Moresby Country Council and/or connecting and customs. U.S. Embassy in Port Moresby. Papua New Guinea is notorious for its high crime rates and subsequently dangerous travelling and living conditions. ’Bush knives’ (machetes) and firearms are often used in assaults and thefts. Papua New Guinea, unlike many other countries, does not have an emergency number to call to … Exercise increased caution in Papua New Guinea due to COVID-19, crime, civil unrest, health concerns, natural disasters, and kidnapping. government passed a Cybercrime Code Bill in 2016 in part to address these emergency line in PAPUA NEW GUINEA is, Download the State Department’s Crime Victims Assistance. It shows that homicide rates in PNG are high compared with both regional and global comparators. This has become a long-term concern hindering the growth of the economy. offers additional information on vaccines and health guidance for, OSAC members PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea (Feb. 28) – The people of the city of Lae and the province of Morobe in Papua New Guinea will breathe a sigh of relief that some action is finally being taken to curb increasing lawlessness in their city and province. (2019, April 8). (2019). Papua New Guinea acts as a large domestic market for high-quality marijuana,[17] as well as an international thoroughfare for numerous other illicit drugs. Banks and cash machines are attractive targets for criminals. The Interpreter. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Airplanes, Public Transport, and Overnights. Lae is the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea. (2019). (e.g. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. [13] Though there are international minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking, PNG’s laws are not adequately restrictive and there has been no significant action taken against perpetrators. DEALING WITH LAE’S MOUNTING CRIME. Retrieved from, Sarei, N. (2014). Concerns and Challenges of Crime in Papua New Guinea. Drivers should ensure that [32] Despite the prohibition of unnecessary force in the Police Act (1998) as well as a Code of Ethics implying that regulatory members will “respect and uphold the rights of all people in the community regardless of race, social status or religion”;[33] the unlawful use of force by police has proved to be a distinguished complication. that covers their shoulders and their legs past the knees. observe stringent security precautions, including avoiding use of public Please note that all OSAC products are for internal U.S. private sector security purposes only. The RPNGC is a government organisation led by the Police Commissioner and is responsible for the national police force, thus, holds power throughout the country. the government to maintain control of crowds. New Guinea offer a female-only floor or section for added safety, and women Violent crime, such as robberies and assaults, appears to be increasing as a proportion of overall crime, and that crime is on the rise in known “hotspots” such as Lae and the National Capital District (NCD). Additionally, Foot paths Police routinely set up roadblocks regarding government entitlements and landowner disputes regarding payments In Papua New Guinea (PNG), crime levels are high and police responses can be slow. robberies have occurred around Parliament Haus on the weekends when it is The Highlands Highway has also been the site of many road crimes, by criminals and gang members. There are some pretty big law and order issues in Papua New Guinea. Retrieved from, This page was last edited on 10 September 2020, at 14:46. stocked. It is at the start of the Highlands Highway which is the main land transport corridor between the Highlands region and the coast. Read the Department of State’s COVID-19 page before you plan any international travel. Drug traffickers also exploit Papua New Guinea’s weak border security while communication between drug traffickers and corrupt government officials promote illegal activity. Corruption of government officials has aggravated the issue by their acceptance of bribes such as the provision of female trafficking victims in return for political favours. webpage on security for. Review the State Department’s The Headquartered in Port Moresby, it has offices in Five (5)centres: Lae, Mount Hagen, Kokopo, Madang and Goroka. Raskol gangs are not only involved in violence but play a significant role in non-violent or organised crime. Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP). However, the most dangerous places are recognized as the urban areas – particularly areas such as Port Moresby, Mt. Editorial. conservative country and public displays of affection are not welcomed. Understanding the with good security, and avoiding isolated areas when alone at any time of day. The Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) is responsible for maintaining law and order throughout the state while providing law enforcement services with jurisdiction throughout PNG. The law and order situation in Papua New Guinea continues to pose serious risks to travellers. water supply is chlorinated in Port Moresby, but travelers should boil water Retrieved from, Kora, A. PNG commonly acts as an intermediary for traffickers making their way from countries including South Africa and Latin America to Australia. And aside from these natural disasters, which also includes flash flooding and cyclones, there’s a high level of violent crime. before consumption. Retrieved from, Dinnen, S. (2001). to Transparency International’s 2019. Crime in Papua New Guinea, both violent and non-violent have contributed to the developing country's crime rate being one of the highest in the world.[2]. The A ‘ten-year plan’; The National Law and Justice Policy and Plan of Action 2001-2010, was also introduced in order to evolve a Victim Support Policy and reinforce the government’s existing support structures.[31]. ABC News. Papua New Guinea has legislation policies which aim to assist victims of crime who have been affected either physically or psychologically. Papua New Guinea is – like Australia – a signatory to the UN refugee convention. for police officers to use roadblocks to solicit bribes, particularly before Lae city, Papua New Guinea. inspection, road tax, road safety, and mandatory insurance, contact PNG’s Motor South Pacifc Studies 38(2), 40-53. transport, especially after dark, restricting evening entertainment to venues The National is the top-selling newspaper in Papua New Guinea. conservative, and even more so in non-urban areas, with women wearing clothing (2019). Retrieved from, Ottley, B., & Zorn, J. Security In Transit: Papua New Guinea’s security services supplied by the police and defence force are unable to monitor the full extent of the country’s coastline due to a lack of necessary resources. Police have shot dead 11 escaped inmates after a mass break-out from Buimo jail in Papua New Guinea's city of Lae, local media reports say. Papua New Guinea is notorious for its high crime rates and subsequently dangerous travelling and living conditions. The settlement areas in these centers, are particularly dangerous. For specific information concerning driving permits, vehicle According to official figures, crime rates have stabilized over the last decade, but there are significant regional disparities: crime is seemingly on the rise in ‘hotspots’ like Lae, the Western Highlands and the National Capital District, and it is also increasingly violent. sexual relations are criminalized in Papua New Guinea. There of common medications, even routine treatments and procedures (e.g., X-rays) Retrieved from, Wikipedia contributors. [14] A lack of financial resources and personnel dedicated to resolving the complication has also contributed to low conviction rates, as well as a lack of identification and protection procedures.[15]. the State Department’s webpage on security for. Animosity between local tribes and clans is also responsible for the presence of crime occurring as a result of civil unrest. While drug trafficking is considered the foundation of organised crime, money laundering and cybercrime still occur. [26] The magnitude of unemployment has become apparent, however, despite recent efforts, the government still lacks the resources needed to transform informal urban dwellings.[27]. PNG has a reputation for high rates of crime, especially in its urban centres. As a partial result of growth within the informal economy, more than half of inhabitants in PNG’s capital city of Port Moresby are living in squatter settlements. open sources and (U) embassy reporting. Settlement or squatter areas of towns and cities are particularly dangerous. contracts that were previously agreed upon. [10] Previously, these public displays of action and large crowds have resulted in the destruction of property and police forces have been unable to intervene. Vehicle Institute Limited at 675-325-9666 or 675-302-4600. The Newcastle Herald. A main contributor to the rising unemployment levels in PNG can be attributed to a lack of educational opportunities which has created a low literacy rate of 63.4%. The growth of squatter settlements in Lae and Port Moresby has led to a corresponding increase in the number and size of raskol gangs. It is not uncommon Large amounts of small boat traffic in waters surrounding islands within the Torres Strait makes it easier for drug trafficking boats to go unnoticed. The New Guinea, Gates, Hired Guns and Mistrust: Business and road crossings in most major towns are congested and uneven, limiting Papua New Guinea 2019 Crime & Safety Report. known incidents of the prosecution of consenting adults. concerns. Authorities in PNG have addressed the issue, however, significant measures have not yet been taken to prevent trafficking and exploitation of individuals. The UNHCR noted that amid the … PNG Post-Courier. Over time, urban unemployment rates have also grown in response to economic and social shifts in PNG. The public sector is under-resourced, with the size of and funding for the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) not keeping abreast of the country’s rapid rise in population. [28] Additional security resources in prime areas aim to decrease the impacts of lawlessness. associated with natural resource projects. Some areas have increased risk. PNG’s crime rate is among the highest in the world. Story by Nicolas Zoumboulis New Australian analysis of a toll-free phone number that had been piloted in PNG's second largest city of Lae has been linked to a fall in crime rates. minute, one-way commercial tickets from Port Moresby can be quite expensive. incidents have occurred at these locations at all hours. (1999). Pacific Economic Bulletin. [3] An increased rate of unemployment has resulted in poverty in rural areas, while a sequential shift towards urban areas[4] has created cultural friction. access and movement for people with disabilities. Walking after dark is particularly dangerous in Port Moresby and other urban centres. The level of violent crime means most expatriates in the city live … Retrieved from, Conroy, J. Directed by the Police Commissioner and situated at the RPNGC headquarters in Port Moresby,[30] the NCB contributes to crime prevention in Papua New Guinea. The National is the top-selling newspaper in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea. Crime in Port Moresby. Publishing or *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. like robbery and sexual assault are not uncommon on unregulated bus systems. Find contact information for Serious crime is particularly high in the capital, Port Moresby, and in the cities of Lae and Mt Hagen. Unusual, The Socio-economic Costs of Crime and Doctors Men, women and children are involved in sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, forced labour and domestic servitude as the most common forms. Sexual violence occurs not only in the capital of Port Moresby but is common in Papua New Guinea is officially known as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea after gaining absolute independence from Australia on September 16, 1975. The Answered February 26, 2018. These organisations surfaced in PNG’s capital city of Port Moresby in the 1970s, and have since then spread considerably throughout the country and dominating most areas. The actions of officials are often unregulated due to an unstable political system. (2019). Retrieved February 21, 2020, from  www.jstor.org/stable/43390920, Kep, W. (2016, August 2). insurance before traveling internationally. I have lived in Lae all my life, and can honestly say it was once a really dangerous place to live in. or the United States Government, except as otherwise noted (e.g., travel advisories, public statements). cases, the kidnappers were paid relatively small amounts. Crime is particularly prevalent in urban areas, such as Port Moresby, Lae and many areas of the Highlands, including Mt Hagen. Crime prevention and law enforcement services in Papua New Guinea lie primarily in the hands of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC);[6] however, local police services are typically unreliable. Crime rates against foreign diplomatic staff and private-sector personnel are significantly lower than rates of crime committed against the public. The document was compiled from various There have been demonstrations Crimes committed by younger members, particularly those under the age of 18 have been heavily attributed to unrestricted access to drugs and alcohol. U.S. Department of State strongly recommends purchasing international health Retrieved from, Crime recorded by police in Papua New Guinea, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41606/3/gov99-5.pdf, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/278e/3192ddb9df82bd25c4ca6ca642283e4ad548.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=940841579, https://www.osac.gov/Country/PapuaNewGuinea/Content/Detail/Report/a60b5cea-2768-4872-8981-15f4aeaad1db, http://cpi.kagoshimau.ac.jp/publications/southpacificstudies/sps/sps38-2/SouthPacificStudies38-2-pp39-72.pdf, https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA, https://www.safetravel.govt.nz/papua-new-guinea, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raskol_gangs&oldid=920721146, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=918766491, https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/papua-new-guinea/, http://www.looppng.com/png-news/human-trafficking-real-png-75809, http://www.pireport.org/articles/2000/06/29/drug-trafficking-png-growing, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait&oldid=938253968, https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6540167/strait-soft-target-for-drug-traffickers/, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-11/png-fisherman-uncovers-60-kilograms-of-suspected-illicit-drugs/9752676, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/24/the-new-drug-highway-pacific-islands-at-centre-of-cocaine-trafficking-boom, https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No63/No63_20PA_Sarei.pdf, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/png-has-education-policy-reform-worked, http://www.pngblogs.com/2016/08/port-moresby-big-squatter-settlement.html, http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/aa197796/, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detailp_lang=en&p_isn=102733, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=977715616, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Goddard, M. (1995). Office Location – Top Town Lae – Huon Road, 5th Street, Sec 2 Lot 39 – Office 5, Professionals Lae Real Estate Building. According Review There was another breakout from the Buimo Prison in Lae, Papua New Guinea at the weekend. medical facilities range from hospitals in Port Moresby and the larger towns to (2020). [23] Violence and conflicts between government officials and traditional owners concerning legal rights have obstructed the government’s attempts to create proper housing in many cases. Credit: Human Rights Watch The prison was the … [4] [9] Port Moresby and Lae, as well as the Southern Highlands Region are common areas in Papua New Guinea for tensions between ethnic groups. PNG is the largest country in the South Pacific region[1] and comprises the eastern side of New Guinea including its islands. however, the growing use of the internet and mobile technology brings with it According to a 2018 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) undertaken by Transparency International, PNG scored 28 out of 100, classifying the country as “highly corrupt”.[18]. Would you like to continue with this session or log out? Following PNG’s ongoing affairs surrounding corruption, the National Anti-Corruption Authority (NACA) was established in April 2004, in an attempt to reduce negative implications. 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Papua New Guinea. An Anti-Corruption Strategy for Provincial Government in Papua New Guinea. Your session will expire soon and log you out. Port Moresby is the main entry point for international visitors. Strait 'soft target' for drug traffickers. Home Thorn Tree Country forums Pacific Islands & Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Mt. private-sector representatives with an OSAC password. The Rascal Road: Crime, Prestige, and Development in Papua New Guinea. Photo: RNZ / Johnny Blades. Retrieved from, McElroy, N. (2019, December 12). Authorities and government agencies exist in Papua New Guinea to combat both violent and non-violent forms of crime. More recently, however, these groups consist primarily of those faced with limited or informal educational and employment opportunities. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 31(2), 251-300. doi:10.2307/839827, Pitts, M. (2001, November 2). may be unavailable. Papua New Guinea 2019 Crime & Safety Report. messages, and contact information, some of which may be available only to Guinea, Drivers of Crime and Violence in Papua Crime can occur in a variety of places in Papua New Guinea, regardless if it is day or night, populated or deserted. However when it signed in 1986 it made seven reservations. … Retrieved from, Wikipedia contributors. available medical services and available air ambulance services on the. Country Report: Papua New Guinea. [20] Historically, the location of Papua New Guinea and its surrounding abundance of small, remote islands has attracted drug traffickers. Due to a lack of security measures for the public sector, foreigners face a substantially lower crime rate than that faced by the public. Crimes Some hotels in Papua Though local police services are renowned as unresponsive and corrupt, the RPNGC works effectively with Interpol - National Central Bureau (NCB) to fight organised crime. [25] Success of the program has fluctuated throughout provinces and it is apparent that further reforms are needed in order to reach western standards. Raskol gangs are gangs known in Papua New Guinea to engage in all small and large-scale criminal activity. THE NATURE OF URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea. Women traveling in Papua New Guinea are advised to respect local dress The rate of crime in Papua New Guinea is among the highest in the world. PO Box 265 Lae, Morobe Province Papua New Guinea… Pharmacies are typically small and may be inadequately Family and sexual violence is also highly prevalent, and affects both females and males. Customary everyday dress for women throughout the country is Retrieved from, Lyons, K. (2019, June 24). In most of the EMTV is Papua New Guinea’s oldest and largest television station and has been the country’s window to the world for over three decades, EMTV offers a free-to-air, general entertainment television channel and provides one of the most respected and trusted sources of news and information in the country today. especially are cautioned not to travel alone in Papua New Guinea. Travelers requiring transportation services should use a service provided by Asia Pacific Press, 16(2), 127-134. PNG has a reputation for high rates of crime, especially in its urban centres. their hotel, employer, or colleagues. Today I announce the appointment of Mr Mark Foxe as Australia’s next Consul-General in Lae, Papua New Guinea. [21] Despite a lack of maritime security surrounding PNG, the Australian Federal Police have stepped up and seized approximately 7.5 tonnes of cocaine since 2014. Home People People by status Living people V Valentine Nelson. (2020). However, there are no Retrieved from, SafeTravel. Visiting unguarded public sites Due to equipment failures and shortages Asia Pacific Press, 99(5), 1-10. However, westerners are often targeted by thieves as they are seen as affluent in comparison to PNG locals. A new World Bank report series attempts to quantify some of the costs Papua New Guinea faces from violent crime. The central location of Papua New Guinea in the Pacific serves as a common ground between Indonesia and Australia. (2019). Approximately 150 km wide, the Torres Strait connects Australia and the Province of Papua New Guinea,[19] acting as an international sea lane and transit point for smuggling drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine. Law and Order in a Weak State: Crime and Politics in Papua New Guinea. interrupted or polluted. Pacific Economic Bulletin. and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for medical services. Valentine Nelson is a Papua New Guinean footballer who plays as a defender for Lae City Dwellers in the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League and for the nati. High unemployment rates, in combination with a lack of resources, infrastructure and government funding, is a significant contributor to poverty in Papua New Guinea. Retrieved from, Harriman, B. Public surveys and research conducted over the years indicate widespread distrust of the police, their unreliable responses to … Crime Threats. In Port Moresby, Crime rates are highest in and around cities – such as Port Moresby, Lae, Madang, Mount Hagen, and Goroka – but crime can and does occur anywhere. communication, and public buildings for persons with disabilities. Though capital punishment is legal in Papua New Guinea, it has not been inflicted on an individual since November 1954. Best Practices for Read the entire Travel Advisory. Critical or Contraband? Papua New Guinea is a OSAC encourages travelers to. With an Carjacking, assault (including sexual assaults), bag snatching and robberies are common. Precautions taken to do so include house alarms, tracking devices, on-call response teams, 24/7 security guard surveillance as well as real-time incident and threat reporting.[29]. Retrieved from, Wikipedia contributors. The World Bank report is part of its wider research and dialogue series on the socioeconomic costs and drivers of crime and violence in Papua New Guinea. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wr4kz, Sali, G. (2018). Throughout high-crime areas, comprehensive security plans have been developed in order to protect individuals. The public sector is under-resourced, with the size of and funding for the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) not keeping abreast of the country’s rapid rise in population. Hagen, and Lae. Same-sex Available The major cities of Port Moresby, Mt Hagen and Lae, in particular, have become hotspots for many forms of violent, criminal behaviour including, but not limited to theft, carjacking, breaking and entering, domestic violence, sexual assault, and murder. is a moderate amount of civil unrest due to economic woes and the inability of Papua The prevention of crime and criminal activity in Papua New Guinea relies heavily on governmental regulatory bodies and the actions of law enforcement officials. Cybercrime is relatively uncommon; You see, in Papua New Guinea, the local people have a tendency to treat expatriates with much respect, and you will find them to be very friendly most … PNGBLOGS. unguarded. 4 The Socio-economic Costs of Crime and Violence in Papua New Guinea the rates of Lae and NCD with selected cities in East Asia and elsewhere to put these numbers in international perspective. Manpower and Unemployment Research in Africa, 6(1), 3-10. Papua New Guinea is one of the world's last lawless lands lying 150 kilometres north of Australia. Retrieved from, Overseas Security Advisory Council. traveling alone may wish to inquire if their lodging offers such a choice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a. International Law Enforcement Advisor and Specialist Steve Harvey explained that reflective of the rest of the world, human trafficking in PNG is linked to “traditional social and cultural norms and practices”. Not necessarily for an expat, it's the locals who suffered the most from ethnic violence, violent crimes and other law and order issues. Port Moresby, the government has intensified security measures, both privately and publicly, to prevent violent crime. [11] A 2018 study undertaken by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), concluded that approximately 30% of sex trafficking victims in Papua New Guinea were under the age of 18.[12]. (2019). The CDC Violence in Papua New Guinea, Travel Advisory: Papua New Guinea - Level 2 (Exercise Increased Caution), Papua New Guinea 2019 Crime & Safety Report. Illegal substances as such intended for sale in Australia are normally transported through waters surrounding PNG hidden in small vessels as to deter border security.[22]. During World … PNG fisherman uncovers 60 kilograms of suspected illicit drugs buried on remote beach. Regulatory bodies in PNG still face challenges, particularly in gaining the support of local communities. Crime throughout the country, particularly violence-related, has been influenced mainly by rapid social, political and economic changes. for original OSAC reporting, consular Loop. Resource Materials Series, (63). Women should Travelers should be particularly cautious of pickpocketing threats when in crowded public places, especially the local public markets. in Port Moresby to check vehicle registration. We have two printing plants and the paper is simultaneously printed in the capital city of Port Moresby and the industrial city of Lae. markets, parks, golf courses, beaches, and cemeteries) can be dangerous; Retrieved from, Overseas Security Advisory Council. otherwise distributing OSAC-derived information in a manner inconsistent with this policy may result in the discontinuation of OSAC support. The centralised geographical location of Papua New Guinea has also seen the rise of non-violent, organised crime; specifically, corruption contributing substantially to increased crime statistics within the major cities of Port Moresby, Mt Hagen, Lae and Goroka. NACA works alongside nine other public sector organisations, including the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (RPNGC) with the common goal of reducing corruption throughout the country. Retrieved from, Interpol. A long-term deficit of resources, corruption as well as a lack of strength in numbers also stand as ongoing and disruptive restrictions. New Guinea does not have legislation that mandates access to transportation, This is PNG: Has education policy reform worked? The geographically appealing qualities of Papua New Guinea and its surrounding islands also promotes illegal drug and human trafficking as critical issues.

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